eccvm.test.cpp

Go to the documentation of this file.

#include <cstddef>
#include <cstdint>
#include <gtest/gtest.h>
#include <vector>
 
#include "barretenberg/commitment_schemes/ipa/ipa.hpp"
#include "barretenberg/commitment_schemes/verification_key.hpp"
#include "barretenberg/eccvm/eccvm_circuit_builder.hpp"
#include "barretenberg/eccvm/eccvm_prover.hpp"
#include "barretenberg/eccvm/eccvm_test_utils.hpp"
#include "barretenberg/eccvm/eccvm_verifier.hpp"
#include "barretenberg/honk/library/grand_product_delta.hpp"
#include "barretenberg/numeric/uint256/uint256.hpp"
#include "barretenberg/relations/permutation_relation.hpp"
#include "barretenberg/relations/relation_parameters.hpp"
#include "barretenberg/srs/global_crs.hpp"
#include "barretenberg/sumcheck/sumcheck.hpp"
#include "barretenberg/sumcheck/sumcheck_round.hpp"
 
using namespace bb;
using FF = ECCVMFlavor::FF;
using PK = ECCVMFlavor::ProvingKey;
using Transcript = ECCVMFlavor::Transcript;
using ECCVMVerifier = ECCVMVerifier_<ECCVMFlavor>;
using PCS = IPA<ECCVMFlavor::Curve, CONST_ECCVM_LOG_N>;
using eccvm_test_utils::add_hiding_op_for_test;
 
// Test helper: Create a VK by committing to proving key polynomials (for comparing with fixed VK)
ECCVMFlavor::VerificationKey create_vk_from_proving_key(const std::shared_ptr<PK>& proving_key)
{
    ECCVMFlavor::VerificationKey vk;
    // Overwrite fixed commitments with computed commitments from the proving key
    for (auto [polynomial, commitment] : zip_view(proving_key->polynomials.get_precomputed(), vk.get_all())) {
        commitment = proving_key->commitment_key.commit(polynomial);
    }
    return vk;
}
 
// Compute VK hash from fixed commitments (for test verification that vk_hash() is correct)
ECCVMFlavor::BF compute_eccvm_vk_hash()
{
    std::vector<ECCVMFlavor::BF> elements;
    // Serialize commitments using the Codec
    for (const auto& commitment : ECCVMHardcodedVKAndHash::get_all()) {
        auto frs = ECCVMFlavor::Codec::serialize_to_fields(commitment);
        for (const auto& fr : frs) {
            elements.push_back(fr);
        }
    }
    return ECCVMFlavor::HashFunction::hash(elements);
}
 
class ECCVMTests : public ::testing::Test {
  protected:
    void SetUp() override { srs::init_file_crs_factory(bb::srs::bb_crs_path()); };
};
namespace {
auto& engine = numeric::get_debug_randomness();
} // namespace
 
ECCVMCircuitBuilder generate_circuit(numeric::RNG* engine = nullptr)
{
    using Curve = curve::BN254;
    using G1 = Curve::Element;
    using Fr = Curve::ScalarField;
 
    std::shared_ptr<ECCOpQueue> op_queue = std::make_shared<ECCOpQueue>();
    G1 a = G1::random_element(engine);
    G1 b = G1::random_element(engine);
    G1 c = G1::random_element(engine);
    Fr x = Fr::random_element(engine);
    Fr y = Fr::random_element(engine);
 
    op_queue->add_accumulate(a);
    op_queue->mul_accumulate(a, x);
    op_queue->mul_accumulate(b, x);
    op_queue->mul_accumulate(b, y);
    op_queue->add_accumulate(a);
    op_queue->mul_accumulate(b, x);
    op_queue->eq_and_reset();
    op_queue->add_accumulate(c);
    op_queue->mul_accumulate(a, x);
    op_queue->mul_accumulate(b, x);
    op_queue->eq_and_reset();
    op_queue->mul_accumulate(a, x);
    op_queue->mul_accumulate(b, x);
    op_queue->mul_accumulate(c, x);
    op_queue->merge();
    add_hiding_op_for_test(op_queue);
    ECCVMCircuitBuilder builder{ op_queue };
    return builder;
}
 
// returns a CircuitBuilder consisting of mul_add ops of the following form: either 0*g, for a group element, or
// x * e, where x is a scalar and e is the identity element of the group.
ECCVMCircuitBuilder generate_zero_circuit([[maybe_unused]] numeric::RNG* engine = nullptr, bool zero_scalars = 1)
{
    using Curve = curve::BN254;
    using G1 = Curve::Element;
    using Fr = Curve::ScalarField;
 
    std::shared_ptr<ECCOpQueue> op_queue = std::make_shared<ECCOpQueue>();
 
    if (!zero_scalars) {
        for (auto i = 0; i < 8; i++) {
            Fr x = Fr::random_element(engine);
            op_queue->mul_accumulate(Curve::Group::affine_point_at_infinity, x);
        }
    } else {
        for (auto i = 0; i < 8; i++) {
            G1 g = G1::random_element(engine);
            op_queue->mul_accumulate(g, 0);
        }
    }
    op_queue->merge();
    add_hiding_op_for_test(op_queue);
 
    ECCVMCircuitBuilder builder{ op_queue };
    return builder;
}
 
void complete_proving_key_for_test(bb::RelationParameters<FF>& relation_parameters,
                                   std::shared_ptr<PK>& pk,
                                   std::vector<FF>& gate_challenges)
{
    // Prepare the inputs for the sumcheck prover:
    // Compute and add beta to relation parameters
    const FF beta = FF::random_element();
    const FF gamma = FF::random_element();
    const FF beta_sqr = beta * beta;
    const FF beta_quartic = beta_sqr * beta_sqr;
    relation_parameters.gamma = gamma;
    relation_parameters.beta = beta;
    relation_parameters.beta_sqr = beta_sqr;
    relation_parameters.beta_cube = beta_sqr * beta;
    relation_parameters.beta_quartic = beta_quartic;
    auto first_term_tag = beta_quartic; // FIRST_TERM_TAG (= 1) * beta_quartic
    relation_parameters.eccvm_set_permutation_delta = (gamma + first_term_tag) * (gamma + beta_sqr + first_term_tag) *
                                                      (gamma + beta_sqr + beta_sqr + first_term_tag) *
                                                      (gamma + beta_sqr + beta_sqr + beta_sqr + first_term_tag);
    relation_parameters.eccvm_set_permutation_delta = relation_parameters.eccvm_set_permutation_delta.invert();
 
    const size_t unmasked_witness_size = pk->circuit_size - NUM_DISABLED_ROWS_IN_SUMCHECK;
    // Compute z_perm and inverse polynomial for our logarithmic-derivative lookup method
    compute_logderivative_inverse<FF, ECCVMFlavor::LookupRelation, ECCVMFlavor::ProverPolynomials, true>(
        pk->polynomials, relation_parameters, unmasked_witness_size);
    compute_grand_products<ECCVMFlavor>(pk->polynomials, relation_parameters, unmasked_witness_size);
 
    // Generate gate challenges
    for (size_t idx = 0; idx < CONST_ECCVM_LOG_N; idx++) {
        gate_challenges[idx] = FF::random_element();
    }
}
TEST_F(ECCVMTests, ZeroesCoefficients)
{
    ECCVMCircuitBuilder builder = generate_zero_circuit(&engine, 1);
 
    std::shared_ptr<Transcript> prover_transcript = std::make_shared<Transcript>();
    ECCVMProver prover(builder, prover_transcript);
    auto [proof, opening_claim] = prover.construct_proof();
 
    // Compute IPA proof
    auto ipa_transcript = std::make_shared<Transcript>();
    PCS::compute_opening_proof(prover.key->commitment_key, opening_claim, ipa_transcript);
 
    std::shared_ptr<Transcript> verifier_transcript = std::make_shared<Transcript>();
    ECCVMVerifier verifier(verifier_transcript, proof);
    auto eccvm_result = verifier.reduce_to_ipa_opening();
 
    // Verify IPA
    auto ipa_verifier_transcript = std::make_shared<Transcript>(ipa_transcript->export_proof());
    auto ipa_vk = VerifierCommitmentKey<curve::Grumpkin>{ ECCVMFlavor::ECCVM_FIXED_SIZE };
    bool ipa_verified = IPA<curve::Grumpkin>::reduce_verify(ipa_vk, eccvm_result.ipa_claim, ipa_verifier_transcript);
 
    ASSERT_TRUE(ipa_verified && eccvm_result.reduction_succeeded);
}
// Calling get_eccvm_ops without a hiding op should throw
TEST_F(ECCVMTests, MissingHidingOpThrows)
{
    std::shared_ptr<ECCOpQueue> op_queue = std::make_shared<ECCOpQueue>();
    // get_eccvm_ops() requires a hiding op to have been set; throws "Hiding op must be set before calling
    // get_eccvm_ops()"
    EXPECT_THROW(op_queue->get_eccvm_ops(), std::runtime_error);
}
 
// Note that `NullOpQueue` is somewhat misleading, as we add a hiding operation.
TEST_F(ECCVMTests, NullOpQUeue)
{
    std::shared_ptr<ECCOpQueue> op_queue = std::make_shared<ECCOpQueue>();
    add_hiding_op_for_test(op_queue);
    ECCVMCircuitBuilder builder{ op_queue };
    std::shared_ptr<Transcript> prover_transcript = std::make_shared<Transcript>();
    ECCVMProver prover(builder, prover_transcript);
    auto [proof, opening_claim] = prover.construct_proof();
 
    // Compute IPA proof
    auto ipa_transcript = std::make_shared<Transcript>();
    PCS::compute_opening_proof(prover.key->commitment_key, opening_claim, ipa_transcript);
 
    std::shared_ptr<Transcript> verifier_transcript = std::make_shared<Transcript>();
    ECCVMVerifier verifier(verifier_transcript, proof);
    auto eccvm_result = verifier.reduce_to_ipa_opening();
 
    // Verify IPA
    auto ipa_verifier_transcript = std::make_shared<Transcript>(ipa_transcript->export_proof());
    auto ipa_vk = VerifierCommitmentKey<curve::Grumpkin>{ ECCVMFlavor::ECCVM_FIXED_SIZE };
    bool ipa_verified = IPA<curve::Grumpkin>::reduce_verify(ipa_vk, eccvm_result.ipa_claim, ipa_verifier_transcript);
 
    ASSERT_TRUE(ipa_verified && eccvm_result.reduction_succeeded);
}
 
TEST_F(ECCVMTests, PointAtInfinity)
{
    ECCVMCircuitBuilder builder = generate_zero_circuit(&engine, 0);
 
    std::shared_ptr<Transcript> prover_transcript = std::make_shared<Transcript>();
    ECCVMProver prover(builder, prover_transcript);
    auto [proof, opening_claim] = prover.construct_proof();
 
    auto ipa_transcript = std::make_shared<Transcript>();
    PCS::compute_opening_proof(prover.key->commitment_key, opening_claim, ipa_transcript);
 
    std::shared_ptr<Transcript> verifier_transcript = std::make_shared<Transcript>();
    ECCVMVerifier verifier(verifier_transcript, proof);
    auto eccvm_result = verifier.reduce_to_ipa_opening();
 
    auto ipa_verifier_transcript = std::make_shared<Transcript>(ipa_transcript->export_proof());
    auto ipa_vk = VerifierCommitmentKey<curve::Grumpkin>{ ECCVMFlavor::ECCVM_FIXED_SIZE };
    bool ipa_verified = IPA<curve::Grumpkin>::reduce_verify(ipa_vk, eccvm_result.ipa_claim, ipa_verifier_transcript);
 
    ASSERT_TRUE(ipa_verified && eccvm_result.reduction_succeeded);
}
TEST_F(ECCVMTests, ScalarEdgeCase)
{
    using Curve = curve::BN254;
    using G1 = Curve::Element;
    using Fr = Curve::ScalarField;
 
    std::shared_ptr<ECCOpQueue> op_queue = std::make_shared<ECCOpQueue>();
    G1 a = G1::one();
 
    op_queue->mul_accumulate(a, Fr(uint256_t(1) << 128));
    op_queue->eq_and_reset();
    op_queue->merge();
    add_hiding_op_for_test(op_queue);
    ECCVMCircuitBuilder builder{ op_queue };
 
    std::shared_ptr<Transcript> prover_transcript = std::make_shared<Transcript>();
    ECCVMProver prover(builder, prover_transcript);
    auto [proof, opening_claim] = prover.construct_proof();
 
    auto ipa_transcript = std::make_shared<Transcript>();
    PCS::compute_opening_proof(prover.key->commitment_key, opening_claim, ipa_transcript);
 
    std::shared_ptr<Transcript> verifier_transcript = std::make_shared<Transcript>();
    ECCVMVerifier verifier(verifier_transcript, proof);
    auto eccvm_result = verifier.reduce_to_ipa_opening();
 
    auto ipa_verifier_transcript = std::make_shared<Transcript>(ipa_transcript->export_proof());
    auto ipa_vk = VerifierCommitmentKey<curve::Grumpkin>{ ECCVMFlavor::ECCVM_FIXED_SIZE };
    bool ipa_verified = IPA<curve::Grumpkin>::reduce_verify(ipa_vk, eccvm_result.ipa_claim, ipa_verifier_transcript);
 
    ASSERT_TRUE(ipa_verified && eccvm_result.reduction_succeeded);
}
TEST_F(ECCVMTests, ProofLengthCheck)
{
    ECCVMCircuitBuilder builder = generate_circuit(&engine);
 
    std::shared_ptr<Transcript> prover_transcript = std::make_shared<Transcript>();
    ECCVMProver prover(builder, prover_transcript);
    auto [proof, opening_claim] = prover.construct_proof();
    EXPECT_EQ(proof.size(), ECCVMFlavor::PROOF_LENGTH);
}
 
TEST_F(ECCVMTests, BaseCaseFixedSize)
{
    ECCVMCircuitBuilder builder = generate_circuit(&engine);
 
    std::shared_ptr<Transcript> prover_transcript = std::make_shared<Transcript>();
    ECCVMProver prover(builder, prover_transcript);
    auto [proof, opening_claim] = prover.construct_proof();
 
    auto ipa_transcript = std::make_shared<Transcript>();
    PCS::compute_opening_proof(prover.key->commitment_key, opening_claim, ipa_transcript);
 
    std::shared_ptr<Transcript> verifier_transcript = std::make_shared<Transcript>();
    ECCVMVerifier verifier(verifier_transcript, proof);
    auto eccvm_result = verifier.reduce_to_ipa_opening();
 
    auto ipa_verifier_transcript = std::make_shared<Transcript>(ipa_transcript->export_proof());
    auto ipa_vk = VerifierCommitmentKey<curve::Grumpkin>{ ECCVMFlavor::ECCVM_FIXED_SIZE };
    bool ipa_verified = IPA<curve::Grumpkin>::reduce_verify(ipa_vk, eccvm_result.ipa_claim, ipa_verifier_transcript);
 
    ASSERT_TRUE(ipa_verified && eccvm_result.reduction_succeeded);
}
 
TEST_F(ECCVMTests, EqFailsFixedSize)
{
    auto builder = generate_circuit(&engine);
    // Tamper with the eq op such that the expected value is incorect
    builder.op_queue->add_erroneous_equality_op_for_testing();
    builder.op_queue->merge();
 
    std::shared_ptr<Transcript> prover_transcript = std::make_shared<Transcript>();
    ECCVMProver prover(builder, prover_transcript);
 
    auto [proof, opening_claim] = prover.construct_proof();
 
    auto ipa_transcript = std::make_shared<Transcript>();
    PCS::compute_opening_proof(prover.key->commitment_key, opening_claim, ipa_transcript);
 
    std::shared_ptr<Transcript> verifier_transcript = std::make_shared<Transcript>();
    ECCVMVerifier verifier(verifier_transcript, proof);
    auto eccvm_result = verifier.reduce_to_ipa_opening();
 
    auto ipa_verifier_transcript = std::make_shared<Transcript>(ipa_transcript->export_proof());
    auto ipa_vk = VerifierCommitmentKey<curve::Grumpkin>{ ECCVMFlavor::ECCVM_FIXED_SIZE };
    bool ipa_verified = IPA<curve::Grumpkin>::reduce_verify(ipa_vk, eccvm_result.ipa_claim, ipa_verifier_transcript);
 
    ASSERT_FALSE(ipa_verified && eccvm_result.reduction_succeeded);
}
 
TEST_F(ECCVMTests, CommittedSumcheck)
{
    using Flavor = ECCVMFlavor;
    using ProvingKey = ECCVMFlavor::ProvingKey;
    using FF = ECCVMFlavor::FF;
    using Transcript = Flavor::Transcript;
    using ZKData = ZKSumcheckData<Flavor>;
 
    bb::RelationParameters<FF> relation_parameters;
    std::vector<FF> gate_challenges(CONST_ECCVM_LOG_N);
 
    ECCVMCircuitBuilder builder = generate_circuit(&engine);
    std::shared_ptr<Transcript> prover_transcript = std::make_shared<Transcript>();
    ECCVMProver prover(builder, prover_transcript);
    auto pk = std::make_shared<ProvingKey>(builder);
 
    // Prepare the inputs for the sumcheck prover:
    // Compute and add beta to relation parameters
    const FF alpha = FF::random_element();
    complete_proving_key_for_test(relation_parameters, pk, gate_challenges);
 
    // Clear the transcript
    prover_transcript = std::make_shared<Transcript>();
 
    // Run Sumcheck on the ECCVM Prover polynomials
    using SumcheckProver = SumcheckProver<ECCVMFlavor>;
    SumcheckProver sumcheck_prover(pk->circuit_size,
                                   pk->polynomials,
                                   prover_transcript,
                                   alpha,
                                   gate_challenges,
                                   relation_parameters,
                                   CONST_ECCVM_LOG_N);
 
    ZKData zk_sumcheck_data = ZKData(CONST_ECCVM_LOG_N, prover_transcript);
 
    auto prover_output = sumcheck_prover.prove(zk_sumcheck_data);
 
    std::shared_ptr<Transcript> verifier_transcript = std::make_shared<Transcript>(prover_transcript->export_proof());
 
    // Execute Sumcheck Verifier
    SumcheckVerifier<Flavor> sumcheck_verifier(verifier_transcript, alpha, CONST_ECCVM_LOG_N);
    std::vector<FF> padding_indicator_array(CONST_ECCVM_LOG_N, FF(1));
    SumcheckOutput<ECCVMFlavor> verifier_output =
        sumcheck_verifier.verify(relation_parameters, gate_challenges, padding_indicator_array);
 
    // Evaluate prover's round univariates at corresponding challenges and compare them with the claimed evaluations
    // computed by the verifier
    for (size_t idx = 0; idx < CONST_ECCVM_LOG_N; idx++) {
        FF true_eval_at_the_challenge = prover_output.round_univariates[idx].evaluate(prover_output.challenge[idx]);
        FF verifier_eval_at_the_challenge = verifier_output.round_univariate_evaluations[idx][2];
        EXPECT_TRUE(true_eval_at_the_challenge == verifier_eval_at_the_challenge);
    }
 
    // Check that the first sumcheck univariate is consistent with the claimed ZK Sumchek Sum
    FF prover_target_sum = zk_sumcheck_data.libra_challenge * zk_sumcheck_data.libra_total_sum;
 
    EXPECT_TRUE(prover_target_sum == verifier_output.round_univariate_evaluations[0][0] +
                                         verifier_output.round_univariate_evaluations[0][1]);
 
    EXPECT_TRUE(verifier_output.verified);
}
 
TEST_F(ECCVMTests, BaseInfinityForgedCoordinatesRejected)
{
    using Curve = curve::BN254;
    using G1 = Curve::Element;
    using Fr = Curve::ScalarField;
 
    auto generators = Curve::Group::derive_generators("base_infinity_regression", 2);
    G1 a = generators[0];
    G1 b = generators[1]; // the point the attacker tries to smuggle in
    Fr x = Fr::random_element(&engine);
    Fr y = Fr::random_element(&engine);
 
    // Honest vs forged results
    G1 honest_result = a * x + b * y;
    G1 forged_result = a * x;
    ASSERT_NE(honest_result, forged_result) << "Need b*y != 0 for a meaningful attack";
 
    // Build the circuit: mul(a, x), mul(infinity, y), eq_and_reset()
    // The op queue honestly computes a*x + infinity*y = a*x. Eq point = a*x.
    // The builder sets base_infinity=1 at the second mul row.
    std::shared_ptr<ECCOpQueue> op_queue = std::make_shared<ECCOpQueue>();
    op_queue->mul_accumulate(a, x);
    op_queue->mul_accumulate(Curve::Group::affine_point_at_infinity, y);
    op_queue->eq_and_reset();
    op_queue->merge();
    add_hiding_op_for_test(op_queue);
 
    ECCVMCircuitBuilder builder{ op_queue };
 
    // Create prover (polynomials are built in the constructor)
    std::shared_ptr<Transcript> prover_transcript = std::make_shared<Transcript>();
    ECCVMProver prover(builder, prover_transcript);
 
    // Find the mul row with base_infinity=1
    auto& polys = prover.key->polynomials;
    const size_t num_rows = polys.get_polynomial_size();
    size_t forged_row = 0;
    for (size_t i = 0; i < num_rows; i++) {
        if (polys.transcript_op[i] == FF(4) && polys.transcript_base_infinity[i] == FF(1)) {
            forged_row = i;
            break;
        }
    }
    ASSERT_GT(forged_row, size_t(0)) << "Could not find infinity mul row";
 
    // Replace transcript_Px/Py with valid on-curve point b.
    // After this, the committed transcript says: mul(a,x), mul(b,y), eq(a*x)
    // Honest result = a*x + b*y, but the proof will claim a*x.
    auto b_affine = Curve::Group::affine_element(b);
    polys.transcript_Px.at(forged_row) = b_affine.x;
    polys.transcript_Py.at(forged_row) = b_affine.y;
 
    // Generate proof from modified polynomials
    auto [proof, opening_claim] = prover.construct_proof();
 
    // Compute IPA opening proof
    auto ipa_transcript = std::make_shared<Transcript>();
    PCS::compute_opening_proof(prover.key->commitment_key, opening_claim, ipa_transcript);
 
    // Verify the ECCVM proof
    std::shared_ptr<Transcript> verifier_transcript = std::make_shared<Transcript>();
    ECCVMVerifier verifier(verifier_transcript, proof);
    auto eccvm_result = verifier.reduce_to_ipa_opening();
 
    // Verify the IPA proof
    auto ipa_verifier_transcript = std::make_shared<Transcript>(ipa_transcript->export_proof());
    auto ipa_vk = VerifierCommitmentKey<curve::Grumpkin>{ ECCVMFlavor::ECCVM_FIXED_SIZE };
    bool ipa_verified = IPA<curve::Grumpkin>::reduce_verify(ipa_vk, eccvm_result.ipa_claim, ipa_verifier_transcript);
 
    bool proof_verified = ipa_verified && eccvm_result.reduction_succeeded;
 
    EXPECT_FALSE(proof_verified)
        << "REGRESSION: Forged ECCVM proof must NOT verify after base_infinity coordinate constraints";
}
 
TEST_F(ECCVMTests, FixedVK)
{
    // Generate a circuit and its verification key (computed at runtime from the proving key)
    ECCVMCircuitBuilder builder = generate_circuit(&engine);
    std::shared_ptr<Transcript> prover_transcript = std::make_shared<Transcript>();
    ECCVMProver prover(builder, prover_transcript);
    auto [proof, opening_claim] = prover.construct_proof();
 
    std::shared_ptr<Transcript> verifier_transcript = std::make_shared<Transcript>();
    ECCVMVerifier verifier(verifier_transcript, proof);
 
    // Generate the default fixed VK
    ECCVMFlavor::VerificationKey fixed_vk{};
    // Generate a VK from PK
    ECCVMFlavor::VerificationKey vk_computed_by_prover = create_vk_from_proving_key(prover.key);
 
    const auto& labels = bb::ECCVMFlavor::VerificationKey::get_labels();
    size_t index = 0;
    for (auto [vk_commitment, fixed_commitment] : zip_view(vk_computed_by_prover.get_all(), fixed_vk.get_all())) {
        EXPECT_EQ(vk_commitment, fixed_commitment)
            << "Mismatch between vk_commitment and fixed_commitment at label: " << labels[index];
        ++index;
    }
 
    // Check that the fixed VK is equal to the generated VK
    EXPECT_EQ(fixed_vk, vk_computed_by_prover);
 
    // Verify that the hardcoded VK hash matches the computed hash
    auto computed_hash = compute_eccvm_vk_hash();
    auto hardcoded_hash = ECCVMHardcodedVKAndHash::vk_hash();
    if (computed_hash != hardcoded_hash) {
        info("VK hash mismatch! Update ECCVMHardcodedVKAndHash::vk_hash() with:");
        info("0x", computed_hash);
    }
    EXPECT_EQ(computed_hash, hardcoded_hash) << "Hardcoded VK hash does not match computed hash";
}